Missing data imputation
Demographics | Physical health | Hearing | Cognition | Mobility and balance | Quality of life | Mental health | Social participation and support | Views on hearing loss |
Background
Why impute missing data?
Logistic regression and other statistical methods require complete cases. In our case, with 40+ variables of interest, dropping participants with any missing values leads to a sample size of 200+ cases instead of 500+. There is loss of power, and estimates from models will likely be biased. The goal of missing data imputation is to restore variance of the sample to make it better reflect characteristics of the population (i.e., give accurate estimates of standard errors, CI’s, and p-values).
MICE procedure
Say there are three variables ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’, each with some missing values. Choose variable ‘A’ to start filling in. Fill in missing values in ‘B’ and ‘C’ with temporary values, such as the mean.
Predict missing ‘A’, using A ~ B + C, including a random component. Move on to predicting missing ‘B’, using B ~ A + C and including predicted ‘A’, again including a random component. Move on to predicting missing ‘C’, using C ~ A + B and predicted ‘B’. This is one cycle.
Choose the number of cycles, say 10 iterations. At the end of 10 iterations, an “imputed” dataset is formed with complete cases. Choose the number of imputed datasets to form (the same analysis will be conducted on each slightly different dataset, and the results will be pooled). Choose which variables should be used as predictors of other variables. Choose which method to use for predicting missing values, e.g., predictive mean matching. For derived variables such as summed scores, consider whether to impute components first and then calculate derived scores, or impute derived scores. Consider whether there should be an order of which variables to start imputing first.
Check whether the imputed data “converge” (the means and SEs stabilize after a few iterations, and are similar across imputed datasets). Check the distributions and characteristics of imputed data (e.g. integer-only values, floors and ceilings, plausibility), and their similarity to observed data.
1. Pre-imputation work
(i) Evaluate missingness
Variables of interest
Demographics: Age, Gender, Work, Volunteer, Live alonePhysical health: Rating, Multimorbidity score, Subjective vision (loss, rating aided), Subjective hearing (loss, rating aided, rating unaided)
Hearing health: Hearing device use, Hearing device type, Tinnitus past 7 days, 15i-SSQ mean score, SIM mean score, EmoCheQ mean score, HHIE-S total score, BPTA4
Cognitive health: Subjective cognitive impairment, CSRQ mean score
Mobility and balance: Mobility aid use, ABC (balance confidence) mean score
Quality of life: SWLS mean score, WHO overall QoL, WHO health QoL, WHO money, WHO four domains
Mental health: PHQ4, split into anxiety and depression subscores
Social factors: Loneliness, Social Network Index, Social Participation Frequency, Social Participation Types, Social Support MOS mean score
Views: Connections total correct score, Motivations mean score
% Missing data within participants
##
## The decimal point is at the |
##
## 0 | 00004444444444444444444444444444444444444999999999999999999999999999+193
## 2 | 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222277777777777777777777777777+16
## 4 | 000044444999993333333888888888888
## 6 | 222222222222222666666666666666666111111111111111111155555555555
## 8 | 0000000004444888833337777
## 10 | 221199
## 12 | 488
## 14 | 2055
## 16 | 47
## 18 | 65
## 20 |
## 22 | 5
## 24 | 2
## 26 |
## 28 |
## 30 |
## 32 |
## 34 |
## 36 |
## 38 |
## 40 |
## 42 | 9
## 44 |
## 46 |
## 48 |
## 50 |
## 52 |
## 54 |
## 56 |
## 58 |
## 60 | 6
## 62 |
## 64 | 6
## 66 | 87
## 68 |
## 70 | 8827
## 72 | 6
## 74 | 337
## 76 | 0
## 78 |
## 80 | 5
## 82 |
## 84 |
## 86 |
## 88 |
## 90 | 6
## 92 |
## 94 |
## 96 |
## 98 | 66Missing data patterns
Participants with <26% missing data (n=509): 
Participants with >42% missing data (n=18): 
(ii) Data cleaning
Rules
- For “single-item” variables (e.g. loneliness): NA’s are left as
is.
- For co-morbidity checklist: All responses other than “yes” (NA’s,
No, Don’t know) are treated as “no”.
- For composite variables: If a participant has “NA” for all items,
the composite score is also “NA”.
- WHOQOL-BREF: Follow their protocol for NA’s.
- For SIM, EmoCheQ, CSRQ, PHQ4, Views on motivations: Impute case
mean.
- For 15i-SSQ: Impute case mean within subscale.
- For HHIES: Impute case mode within subscale.
- For ABC: Recode NA’s to 0 (single participant).
- For Social Network Index: Recode NA’s to “never”.
- For Social Participation: Recode NA’s to “never”.
- For Social Support: Recode NA’s to “none”.
- For Views (Connections): Drop foil item; only correct items
credited.
- For Views (Motivations): Impute mean.
(iii) Evaluate missingness again
% Missing data within participants
##
## The decimal point is at the |
##
## 0 | 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000+151
## 2 | 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222+51
## 4 | 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
## 6 | 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
## 8 | 777777777777777777777777777
## 10 | 99999999999
## 12 | 00000
## 14 |
## 16 | 4
## 18 | 6
## 20 |
## 22 |
## 24 |
## 26 |
## 28 |
## 30 |
## 32 |
## 34 |
## 36 |
## 38 |
## 40 | 3
## 42 |
## 44 |
## 46 |
## 48 |
## 50 | 0
## 52 | 22
## 54 | 3
## 56 |
## 58 | 7777
## 60 | 999
## 62 |
## 64 | 2
## 66 |
## 68 | 6
## 70 | 7
## 72 |
## 74 |
## 76 | 1
## 78 |
## 80 |
## 82 |
## 84 |
## 86 |
## 88 |
## 90 | 33Missing data patterns
Participants with <20% missing data (n=509):
## # A tibble: 45 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 0 0
## 2 Age 2 0.393
## 3 Retired_bin 0 0
## 4 Volunteer 0 0
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 0 0
## 6 Phys_health_rating 7 1.38
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 18 3.54
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 1 0.196
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 36 7.07
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 159 31.2
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 8 1.57
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 46 9.04
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 51 10.0
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 3 0.589
## 19 SIM_mean 12 2.36
## 20 Emocheq_mean 8 1.57
## 21 hhies_emo_total 0 0
## 22 hhies_soc_total 0 0
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 0 0
## 24 CSRQ_mean 0 0
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 0 0
## 26 ABC_mean 0 0
## 27 SWLS_mean 0 0
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0 0
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 0 0
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 0 0
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 0 0
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 1 0.196
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 0 0
## 34 WHO_money 0 0
## 35 PHQ4_anx_mean 1 0.196
## 36 PHQ4_dep_mean 1 0.196
## 37 Lonely_bin 1 0.196
## 38 Social_network_index 1 0.196
## 39 Soc_part_freq 1 0.196
## 40 Soc_part_types 1 0.196
## 41 Socsupp_mean 5 0.982
## 42 Connections_total 9 1.77
## 43 Motivate_mean 5 0.982
## 44 study1_HA_bin 78 15.3
## 45 PTA4_better_ear 73 14.3Participants with >39%% missing data (n=18):
(iv) Justify discarding/retaining participants
Drop 2 cases that are fully missing
## Progress Duration.in.seconds Finished
## 458 0 217 0
## 467 1 540 0## # A tibble: 46 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 2 100
## 2 Age 2 100
## 3 Retired_bin 2 100
## 4 Volunteer 2 100
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 2 100
## 6 Phys_health_rating 2 100
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 2 100
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 2 100
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 2 100
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 2 100
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 2 100
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 2 100
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 2 100
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 2 100
## 19 SIM_mean 2 100
## 20 Emocheq_mean 2 100
## 21 hhies_emo_total 2 100
## 22 hhies_soc_total 2 100
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 2 100
## 24 CSRQ_mean 2 100
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 2 100
## 26 ABC_mean 2 100
## 27 SWLS_mean 2 100
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 2 100
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 2 100
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 2 100
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 2 100
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 2 100
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 2 100
## 34 WHO_money 2 100
## 35 PHQ4_anx_mean 2 100
## 36 PHQ4_dep_mean 2 100
## 37 Lonely_bin 2 100
## 38 Social_network_index 2 100
## 39 Soc_part_freq 2 100
## 40 Soc_part_types 2 100
## 41 Socsupp_mean 2 100
## 42 Connections_total 2 100
## 43 Motivate_mean 2 100
## 44 study1_HA_bin 2 100
## 45 PTA4_better_ear 2 100
## 46 PTA4_asym 2 100Retain 16 that mostly have age, audiogram, earlier measures
## Progress Duration.in.seconds Finished
## 45 58 413 0
## 77 19 247 0
## 136 58 308782 0
## 153 30 449 0
## 166 52 185 0
## 176 53 1693 0
## 187 53 518035 0
## 192 45 504174 0
## 228 13 96 0
## 246 64 1719 0
## 318 55 466 0
## 364 55 988 0
## 405 55 650 0
## 483 45 731 0
## 520 64 6724 0
## 522 70 2376 0## # A tibble: 46 × 3
## variable n_miss pct_miss
## <chr> <int> <num>
## 1 Gender_bin 0 0
## 2 Age 1 6.25
## 3 Retired_bin 0 0
## 4 Volunteer 0 0
## 5 Lives_alone_bin 0 0
## 6 Phys_health_rating 2 12.5
## 7 Multimorbidity_score 0 0
## 8 Subj_vision_loss_bin 2 12.5
## 9 Subj_vision_rating_aided 2 12.5
## 10 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 3 18.8
## 11 any_hearing_device 0 0
## 12 study2_HA 0 0
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV 8 50
## 14 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 3 18.8
## 15 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0 0
## 16 ssq_speech_REV 13 81.2
## 17 ssq_spatial_REV 11 68.8
## 18 ssq_qualities_REV 6 37.5
## 19 SIM_mean 11 68.8
## 20 Emocheq_mean 11 68.8
## 21 hhies_emo_total 13 81.2
## 22 hhies_soc_total 13 81.2
## 23 positive_SCI_bin 13 81.2
## 24 CSRQ_mean 15 93.8
## 25 Mobility_needs_bin 15 93.8
## 26 ABC_mean 15 93.8
## 27 SWLS_mean 15 93.8
## 28 WHOQOL_overall_qol 16 100
## 29 WHOQOL_health_qol 16 100
## 30 WHOQOL_Dom1_phys 16 100
## 31 WHOQOL_Dom2_psy 16 100
## 32 WHOQOL_Dom3_soc 16 100
## 33 WHOQOL_Dom4_env 16 100
## 34 WHO_money 16 100
## 35 PHQ4_anx_mean 16 100
## 36 PHQ4_dep_mean 16 100
## 37 Lonely_bin 16 100
## 38 Social_network_index 16 100
## 39 Soc_part_freq 16 100
## 40 Soc_part_types 16 100
## 41 Socsupp_mean 16 100
## 42 Connections_total 16 100
## 43 Motivate_mean 16 100
## 44 study1_HA_bin 3 18.8
## 45 PTA4_better_ear 3 18.8
## 46 PTA4_asym 3 18.8(v) Variable relationships
Correlations heatmap: Hearing
Correlations heatmap: Physical health
PCA
2. Imputation using MICE
Current method
- Use predictors that correlate 0.5 or better to impute missing data
in a variable (30 variables); if no such predictors, adjust threshold to
0.4 (3 variables), then 0.3, then 0.2 (2 variables)
- Eight variables are complete and do not require imputing; 2
variables have no predictors that correlate at least r = 0.2
(Subj_vision_loss_bin, Connections_total)
- MICE procedure: total of 5 imputed datasets, with a maximum of 10 iterations per dataset, using predictive means matching to impute missing values
Simple correlations using quickpred( )
3. Predicting hearing aid adoption
Complete cases vs. imputed data
Note: All participants together; not filtered by hearing aid candidacy.
Regression output (complete cases, n=346)
Non-hearing aid users = 267
Hearing aid users = 79 (22.8%)
Note: Dropped Subj_hearing_rating_aided_REV & SWLS_mean due to VIF
> 5
## Term Estimate StdError z p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) -24.5619 884.3816 -0.0278 0.9778 0.0000 0.0000 Inf
## 2 Gender_bin 0.5256 0.4565 1.1514 0.2496 1.6914 0.6914 4.1381
## 3 Age -0.0184 0.0346 -0.5312 0.5953 0.9818 0.9173 1.0507
## 4 Retired_bin 0.0532 0.5098 0.1043 0.9170 1.0546 0.3882 2.8646
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.5482 0.2816 1.9466 0.0516 1.7301 0.9963 3.0045
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.2742 0.5566 -0.4928 0.6222 0.7601 0.2554 2.2628
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0968 0.3729 0.2596 0.7952 1.1016 0.5304 2.2879
## 8 Multimorbidity_score -0.0194 0.1206 -0.1610 0.8721 0.9808 0.7743 1.2423
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.3235 1.1155 -0.2900 0.7718 0.7236 0.0813 6.4419
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0316 0.0261 -1.2086 0.2268 0.9689 0.9205 1.0198
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0531 0.2959 0.1796 0.8575 1.0546 0.5905 1.8834
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 17.0700 884.3671 0.0193 0.9846 25907399.6923 0.0000 Inf
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 1.0564 0.3852 2.7423 0.0061 2.8760 1.3517 6.1190
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin 0.1526 0.4104 0.3718 0.7101 1.1648 0.5211 2.6037
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.1212 0.0288 4.2139 0.0000 1.1289 1.0670 1.1943
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0472 0.0153 3.0904 0.0020 1.0483 1.0174 1.0802
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.6671 0.1854 -3.5972 0.0003 0.5132 0.3568 0.7381
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0309 0.2781 -0.1110 0.9117 0.9696 0.5622 1.6723
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0599 0.0386 1.5518 0.1207 1.0617 0.9844 1.1451
## 20 SIM_mean -0.1363 0.1165 -1.1695 0.2422 0.8726 0.6944 1.0965
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 1.2008 0.7118 1.6869 0.0916 3.3227 0.8233 13.4092
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.1363 0.6197 -0.2199 0.8259 0.8726 0.2590 2.9397
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 1.5030 0.4999 3.0068 0.0026 4.4950 1.6875 11.9731
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean -1.1473 0.6677 -1.7181 0.0858 0.3175 0.0858 1.1753
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol -0.4374 0.4718 -0.9271 0.3539 0.6457 0.2561 1.6280
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.3763 0.3229 1.1655 0.2438 1.4569 0.7737 2.7434
## 27 WHO_money 0.8063 0.2695 2.9916 0.0028 2.2396 1.3205 3.7982
## 28 Socsupp_mean 0.2158 0.2995 0.7208 0.4710 1.2409 0.6900 2.2317
## 29 Social_network_index -0.1364 0.1757 -0.7765 0.4375 0.8725 0.6183 1.2311
## 30 Soc_part_freq -0.2670 0.3673 -0.7269 0.4673 0.7657 0.3727 1.5729
## 31 Soc_part_types 0.0186 0.1582 0.1173 0.9067 1.0187 0.7471 1.3891
## 32 Lonely_bin -0.2520 0.6864 -0.3672 0.7135 0.7772 0.2024 2.9839
## 33 Motivate_mean 0.3055 0.2393 1.2765 0.2018 1.3572 0.8491 2.1694Regression output (imputed data, n=525)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) -0.6029 0.3645 -1.6541 146.2610 0.1002 0.5472 0.2679 1.1180
## 2 Gender_bin 0.0553 0.0365 1.5134 459.8880 0.1309 1.0569 0.9839 1.1352
## 3 Age 0.0025 0.0026 0.9678 227.4976 0.3342 1.0025 0.9974 1.0076
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0278 0.0382 -0.7288 310.7424 0.4667 0.9726 0.9024 1.0482
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0419 0.0205 2.0429 478.2100 0.0416 1.0428 1.0017 1.0855
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.0288 0.0424 -0.6784 419.7290 0.4979 0.9716 0.8941 1.0558
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0006 0.0273 0.0225 277.0711 0.9821 1.0006 0.9485 1.0556
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0053 0.0078 0.6796 420.3620 0.4971 1.0053 0.9901 1.0208
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0389 0.0888 -0.4386 138.4263 0.6616 0.9618 0.8082 1.1447
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0033 0.0018 -1.8805 98.1629 0.0630 0.9967 0.9932 1.0002
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0078 0.0233 0.3363 478.7410 0.7368 1.0078 0.9628 1.0549
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.1024 0.0517 1.9798 163.6085 0.0494 1.1078 1.0011 1.2260
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.0917 0.0269 3.4115 174.8333 0.0008 1.0960 1.0397 1.1554
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0489 0.0350 -1.3977 440.4191 0.1629 0.9523 0.8891 1.0199
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0081 0.0023 3.5420 93.0855 0.0006 1.0081 1.0036 1.0127
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0034 0.0016 2.1495 66.0827 0.0353 1.0034 1.0003 1.0066
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0703 0.0136 -5.1506 346.4738 0.0000 0.9321 0.9076 0.9573
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0040 0.0212 -0.1883 472.8308 0.8508 0.9960 0.9555 1.0383
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0061 0.0028 2.1407 477.0813 0.0328 1.0061 1.0006 1.0117
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0044 0.0081 -0.5449 460.1388 0.5861 0.9956 0.9799 1.0115
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.0580 0.0586 0.9896 264.1065 0.3233 1.0597 0.9447 1.1887
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0436 0.0499 -0.8731 311.8757 0.3833 0.9573 0.8681 1.0557
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 0.1072 0.0380 2.8240 299.7008 0.0051 1.1132 1.0333 1.1992
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean -0.0144 0.0443 -0.3263 269.4900 0.7444 0.9857 0.9037 1.0751
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0194 0.0394 0.4924 38.8590 0.6252 1.0196 0.9438 1.1014
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0291 0.0245 1.1878 128.0722 0.2371 1.0295 0.9813 1.0802
## 27 WHO_money 0.0331 0.0193 1.7163 330.0479 0.0870 1.0337 0.9953 1.0735
## 28 Socsupp_mean 0.0094 0.0258 0.3638 85.8168 0.7169 1.0094 0.9597 1.0618
## 29 Social_network_index -0.0056 0.0140 -0.4006 384.1612 0.6889 0.9944 0.9675 1.0221
## 30 Soc_part_freq 0.0043 0.0275 0.1549 467.5790 0.8770 1.0043 0.9516 1.0599
## 31 Soc_part_types -0.0051 0.0126 -0.4050 475.6653 0.6856 0.9949 0.9706 1.0198
## 32 Lonely_bin 0.0113 0.0490 0.2302 256.7376 0.8181 1.0114 0.9188 1.1133
## 33 Motivate_mean 0.0194 0.0205 0.9463 265.8679 0.3449 1.0196 0.9794 1.0614Legend: Asterisks denote p < 0.05; crosses denote p [0.05, 0.1]
Grouping by HHIE-S status
Counts
0-8 no handicap, 10-24 mild to moderate, 26-40 severe
## HHIES
## UseHA None MildMod Sev <NA>
## 0 233 148 30 11
## 1 26 62 13 2
## <NA> 0 0 0 0## [1] 0.100 0.295 0.302 0.154Regression output (imputed data, n=525)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) 0.1570 0.4493 0.3495 195.0251 0.7271 1.1700 0.4850 2.8225
## 2 Gender_bin -0.0336 0.0425 -0.7893 217.1355 0.4308 0.9670 0.8897 1.0510
## 3 Age -0.0001 0.0029 -0.0303 188.4118 0.9759 0.9999 0.9942 1.0056
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0250 0.0415 -0.6006 209.7053 0.5488 0.9753 0.8991 1.0580
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0325 0.0230 1.4109 217.9587 0.1597 1.0330 0.9875 1.0807
## 6 Lives_alone_bin 0.0383 0.0459 0.8337 218.4115 0.4054 1.0390 0.9496 1.1369
## 7 Phys_health_rating -0.0291 0.0312 -0.9335 216.5204 0.3516 0.9713 0.9137 1.0326
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0097 0.0113 0.8561 194.2734 0.3930 1.0097 0.9876 1.0324
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin 0.0203 0.1137 0.1783 216.2291 0.8587 1.0205 0.8166 1.2753
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0014 0.0027 -0.5369 181.2024 0.5920 0.9986 0.9933 1.0039
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided -0.0244 0.0284 -0.8571 208.0977 0.3924 0.9759 0.9231 1.0318
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0912 0.0524 1.7393 124.3481 0.0844 1.0955 0.9886 1.2140
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.0428 0.0291 1.4723 217.4019 0.1424 1.0437 0.9859 1.1050
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0473 0.0430 -1.0993 194.8215 0.2730 0.9538 0.8767 1.0377
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0102 0.0030 3.3883 57.2026 0.0013 1.0103 1.0043 1.0162
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0047 0.0033 1.4173 29.7835 0.1668 1.0047 0.9982 1.0112
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0552 0.0206 -2.6746 120.3523 0.0085 0.9463 0.9088 0.9853
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0062 0.0290 -0.2149 218.5159 0.8300 0.9938 0.9389 1.0519
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0043 0.0076 0.5714 190.7209 0.5684 1.0043 0.9895 1.0194
## 20 SIM_mean 0.0027 0.0097 0.2804 147.2804 0.7796 1.0027 0.9838 1.0219
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.1381 0.1025 1.3474 221.3044 0.1792 1.1481 0.9391 1.4035
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0305 0.0539 -0.5649 223.2162 0.5727 0.9700 0.8727 1.0780
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 0.1033 0.0460 2.2462 218.3013 0.0257 1.1088 1.0132 1.2134
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean -0.0837 0.0614 -1.3640 196.4114 0.1741 0.9197 0.8154 1.0373
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol -0.0140 0.0383 -0.3652 216.1429 0.7153 0.9861 0.9148 1.0630
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0021 0.0268 0.0802 221.0916 0.9361 1.0021 0.9508 1.0561
## 27 WHO_money 0.0449 0.0236 1.9023 216.8635 0.0585 1.0459 0.9986 1.0954
## 28 Socsupp_mean 0.0198 0.0285 0.6922 219.9190 0.4895 1.0200 0.9646 1.0786
## 29 Social_network_index -0.0107 0.0154 -0.6939 213.6368 0.4885 0.9894 0.9599 1.0197
## 30 Soc_part_freq -0.0148 0.0333 -0.4464 216.2812 0.6558 0.9853 0.9231 1.0518
## 31 Soc_part_types -0.0058 0.0140 -0.4125 222.5279 0.6803 0.9942 0.9673 1.0219
## 32 Lonely_bin -0.0137 0.0619 -0.2210 207.4610 0.8253 0.9864 0.8737 1.1136
## 33 Motivate_mean -0.0213 0.0235 -0.9052 217.2955 0.3663 0.9789 0.9349 1.0251## Term Estimate StdError t df p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) -1.4252 0.5879 -2.4242 141.5065 0.0166 0.2405 0.0760 0.7612
## 2 Gender_bin 0.1097 0.0655 1.6749 197.0705 0.0955 1.1159 0.9815 1.2688
## 3 Age 0.0053 0.0045 1.1665 131.6630 0.2455 1.0053 0.9965 1.0142
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0489 0.0685 -0.7147 167.1792 0.4758 0.9523 0.8326 1.0891
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0420 0.0383 1.0975 177.8111 0.2739 1.0429 0.9675 1.1242
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.1431 0.0790 -1.8117 194.2942 0.0716 0.8667 0.7423 1.0118
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0257 0.0481 0.5350 143.7196 0.5935 1.0260 0.9337 1.1275
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0009 0.0114 0.0757 213.4134 0.9397 1.0009 0.9788 1.0235
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin 0.0132 0.1440 0.0916 58.9941 0.9273 1.0133 0.7641 1.3437
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0041 0.0025 -1.6471 95.0470 0.1028 0.9959 0.9910 1.0008
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0340 0.0385 0.8824 209.5983 0.3786 1.0346 0.9594 1.1157
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.1013 0.1144 0.8850 129.2089 0.3778 1.1066 0.8843 1.3848
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.1314 0.0483 2.7196 112.9798 0.0076 1.1404 1.0374 1.2537
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0344 0.0559 -0.6147 212.8422 0.5394 0.9662 0.8659 1.0781
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0094 0.0036 2.6519 75.4447 0.0098 1.0094 1.0023 1.0166
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0032 0.0020 1.5939 71.8923 0.1153 1.0032 0.9993 1.0071
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0734 0.0201 -3.6456 190.7222 0.0003 0.9292 0.8933 0.9666
## 18 Emocheq_mean 0.0092 0.0332 0.2762 211.5299 0.7826 1.0092 0.9457 1.0771
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0035 0.0052 0.6693 207.4429 0.5040 1.0035 0.9933 1.0138
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0214 0.0145 -1.4781 145.5391 0.1415 0.9788 0.9514 1.0070
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.0848 0.0846 1.0020 194.1741 0.3176 1.0885 0.9222 1.2848
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0133 0.0906 -0.1470 200.9889 0.8833 0.9868 0.8262 1.1785
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 0.0697 0.0631 1.1036 196.2332 0.2711 1.0722 0.9475 1.2133
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean 0.0558 0.0676 0.8255 163.3784 0.4103 1.0574 0.9262 1.2072
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0606 0.0648 0.9350 73.5927 0.3529 1.0625 0.9357 1.2064
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0421 0.0415 1.0160 181.0472 0.3110 1.0430 0.9615 1.1314
## 27 WHO_money 0.0249 0.0307 0.8136 197.4449 0.4168 1.0252 0.9653 1.0888
## 28 Socsupp_mean -0.0216 0.0432 -0.4990 73.7591 0.6192 0.9786 0.8992 1.0651
## 29 Social_network_index 0.0008 0.0254 0.0306 147.9430 0.9756 1.0008 0.9522 1.0519
## 30 Soc_part_freq 0.0267 0.0462 0.5771 187.0083 0.5645 1.0271 0.9381 1.1244
## 31 Soc_part_types -0.0044 0.0233 -0.1900 211.1109 0.8495 0.9956 0.9512 1.0421
## 32 Lonely_bin 0.0349 0.0793 0.4396 202.7742 0.6607 1.0355 0.8865 1.2096
## 33 Motivate_mean 0.0702 0.0366 1.9165 161.3867 0.0571 1.0727 0.9985 1.1525Legend: Asterisks denote p < 0.05; crosses denote p [0.05, 0.1]
Grouping by vision status
Counts
##
## 0 1 <NA>
## 215 290 20Regression output (imputed data, n=525)
## Term Estimate StdError t df p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) -0.2709 0.5649 -0.4795 177.0468 0.6322 0.7627 0.2521 2.3078
## 2 Gender_bin 0.0272 0.0506 0.5375 178.7373 0.5916 1.0276 0.9306 1.1347
## 3 Age -0.0013 0.0039 -0.3388 143.7559 0.7352 0.9987 0.9911 1.0064
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0439 0.0543 -0.8093 167.8586 0.4195 0.9570 0.8604 1.0645
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0680 0.0294 2.3149 174.1095 0.0218 1.0704 1.0104 1.1339
## 6 Lives_alone_bin -0.1171 0.0626 -1.8722 178.2469 0.0628 0.8895 0.7868 1.0056
## 7 Phys_health_rating -0.0292 0.0404 -0.7215 163.2686 0.4716 0.9712 0.8973 1.0513
## 8 Multimorbidity_score 0.0159 0.0141 1.1310 169.4590 0.2596 1.0160 0.9883 1.0445
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0853 0.1336 -0.6383 173.6614 0.5241 0.9182 0.7067 1.1931
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0044 0.0034 -1.3099 166.5882 0.1920 0.9956 0.9890 1.0023
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided 0.0002 0.0370 0.0050 168.5703 0.9960 1.0002 0.9302 1.0754
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.1186 0.0705 1.6829 175.0110 0.0942 1.1259 0.9806 1.2928
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.0110 0.0391 0.2808 164.9141 0.7792 1.0111 0.9365 1.0916
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0370 0.0561 -0.6602 132.0493 0.5103 0.9637 0.8633 1.0757
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0101 0.0031 3.2546 142.0656 0.0014 1.0102 1.0040 1.0163
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0040 0.0022 1.8335 61.8631 0.0715 1.0040 0.9997 1.0083
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.0495 0.0215 -2.3040 151.6917 0.0226 0.9517 0.9124 0.9927
## 18 Emocheq_mean 0.0033 0.0339 0.0986 152.8109 0.9216 1.0033 0.9388 1.0722
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0084 0.0047 1.7744 132.4821 0.0783 1.0084 0.9992 1.0178
## 20 SIM_mean 0.0030 0.0118 0.2538 157.7678 0.8000 1.0030 0.9801 1.0265
## 21 positive_SCI_bin -0.0752 0.1002 -0.7504 113.7547 0.4546 0.9276 0.7622 1.1288
## 22 CSRQ_mean -0.0517 0.0729 -0.7092 153.8240 0.4793 0.9496 0.8232 1.0955
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 0.1010 0.0550 1.8359 172.2002 0.0681 1.1063 0.9932 1.2322
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean -0.0270 0.0723 -0.3739 139.9600 0.7091 0.9734 0.8448 1.1215
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0155 0.0512 0.3026 174.3618 0.7625 1.0156 0.9186 1.1228
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0604 0.0348 1.7339 179.2684 0.0847 1.0623 0.9922 1.1372
## 27 WHO_money 0.0261 0.0273 0.9560 172.0263 0.3404 1.0264 0.9730 1.0829
## 28 Socsupp_mean 0.0303 0.0341 0.8888 160.5698 0.3755 1.0308 0.9641 1.1020
## 29 Social_network_index 0.0011 0.0198 0.0561 178.0024 0.9553 1.0011 0.9630 1.0407
## 30 Soc_part_freq 0.0722 0.0428 1.6863 169.6296 0.0936 1.0749 0.9884 1.1689
## 31 Soc_part_types -0.0181 0.0192 -0.9432 163.9753 0.3469 0.9821 0.9458 1.0197
## 32 Lonely_bin 0.0196 0.0752 0.2603 151.4078 0.7950 1.0198 0.8800 1.1817
## 33 Motivate_mean -0.0017 0.0299 -0.0562 164.3380 0.9553 0.9983 0.9415 1.0586## Term Estimate StdError t df p OddsRatio CIlower CIupper
## 1 (Intercept) -1.3347 0.5177 -2.5782 65.7323 0.0122 0.2632 0.0954 0.7261
## 2 Gender_bin 0.1058 0.0561 1.8862 182.4274 0.0609 1.1116 0.9959 1.2408
## 3 Age 0.0071 0.0037 1.9105 143.4990 0.0581 1.0071 0.9998 1.0145
## 4 Retired_bin -0.0477 0.0534 -0.8938 197.3479 0.3725 0.9534 0.8587 1.0586
## 5 Volunteer_rec 0.0342 0.0315 1.0861 134.5304 0.2794 1.0348 0.9728 1.1007
## 6 Lives_alone_bin 0.0651 0.0609 1.0691 213.8101 0.2862 1.0673 0.9472 1.2026
## 7 Phys_health_rating 0.0258 0.0371 0.6945 191.4741 0.4882 1.0261 0.9542 1.1035
## 8 Multimorbidity_score -0.0039 0.0098 -0.3971 235.6393 0.6916 0.9961 0.9772 1.0154
## 9 Mobility_needs_bin -0.0033 0.1170 -0.0285 124.9656 0.9773 0.9967 0.7925 1.2536
## 10 ABC_mean -0.0023 0.0022 -1.0068 50.9682 0.3188 0.9977 0.9934 1.0020
## 11 Subj_vision_rating_aided -0.0008 0.0327 -0.0230 232.6431 0.9816 0.9992 0.9372 1.0653
## 12 Subj_hearing_loss_bin 0.0791 0.0722 1.0954 147.8300 0.2751 1.0823 0.9395 1.2468
## 13 Subj_hearing_rating_unaided_REV 0.1109 0.0375 2.9563 93.7185 0.0039 1.1173 1.0381 1.2025
## 14 Tinnitus_past_wk_bin -0.0414 0.0473 -0.8756 252.5915 0.3821 0.9594 0.8745 1.0526
## 15 PTA4_better_ear 0.0070 0.0032 2.1772 74.1315 0.0326 1.0070 1.0007 1.0134
## 16 PTA4_asym 0.0026 0.0023 1.1530 69.9481 0.2528 1.0026 0.9981 1.0071
## 17 SSQ15i_mean_REV -0.1041 0.0186 -5.6118 215.0279 0.0000 0.9011 0.8689 0.9346
## 18 Emocheq_mean -0.0073 0.0291 -0.2497 191.5759 0.8031 0.9927 0.9377 1.0510
## 19 HHIES_total 0.0090 0.0039 2.3146 183.8722 0.0217 1.0090 1.0014 1.0168
## 20 SIM_mean -0.0112 0.0115 -0.9801 199.2783 0.3282 0.9889 0.9668 1.0114
## 21 positive_SCI_bin 0.1055 0.0764 1.3814 150.6313 0.1692 1.1113 0.9567 1.2908
## 22 CSRQ_mean 0.0520 0.0707 0.7352 184.4550 0.4632 1.0534 0.9171 1.2099
## 23 PHQ4_anx_mean 0.1381 0.0558 2.4748 87.0403 0.0153 1.1481 1.0291 1.2808
## 24 PHQ4_dep_mean -0.0251 0.0622 -0.4026 74.8637 0.6884 0.9752 0.8633 1.1017
## 25 WHOQOL_overall_qol 0.0793 0.0596 1.3300 22.8033 0.1967 1.0825 0.9632 1.2167
## 26 WHOQOL_health_qol 0.0231 0.0339 0.6821 82.4091 0.4971 1.0234 0.9576 1.0937
## 27 WHO_money 0.0274 0.0271 1.0141 201.2488 0.3118 1.0278 0.9746 1.0838
## 28 Socsupp_mean -0.0043 0.0403 -0.1055 50.1154 0.9164 0.9957 0.9201 1.0775
## 29 Social_network_index 0.0006 0.0207 0.0282 171.3197 0.9775 1.0006 0.9608 1.0420
## 30 Soc_part_freq -0.0412 0.0395 -1.0449 196.3614 0.2973 0.9596 0.8881 1.0369
## 31 Soc_part_types 0.0023 0.0183 0.1232 209.2945 0.9020 1.0023 0.9670 1.0389
## 32 Lonely_bin -0.0204 0.0747 -0.2735 54.8190 0.7855 0.9798 0.8464 1.1343
## 33 Motivate_mean 0.0221 0.0300 0.7376 115.2647 0.4623 1.0223 0.9640 1.0843Legend: Asterisks denote p < 0.05; crosses denote p [0.05, 0.1]
